Suppose my hypothesis is "the weight of an object is proportional to the amount of time it takes to fall a certain distance." How would you test this hypothesis?

You would take two or more objects of similar shape and proportions but of differing weights and drop them from a number of different heights, carefully measuring the time it takes each object to hit the ground. Though the particulars (the heights used, the weight of the objects, and the distance dropped) might vary from one researcher to another, the basic design for the experiment is obvious, and drawn directly from the hypothesis.